Abstract Soil microbiome influences plant growth and development. Moreover, crop co-cultivation practices have positive impacts on soil microbiome and function. In this study, soil microbiome from an almond field was collected to evaluate its effect on the growth of almond rootstock seedlings planted in pots with or without co-cultivation with Medicago truncatula. Four treatments were established: without legume and without microbiome (A); with legume and without microbiome (B); without legume and with microbiome (C) and with legume and with microbiome (D). After six weeks, no significant differences in culturable bacteria density in bulk soil or rhizospheric soil were found among treatments. Evapotranspiration rate per pot and day and plant growth, measured as increase in plant height per day, showed a similar tendency, with higher values found in non-inoculated plants in the first week of treatment, while, inoculated plants showed the highest values at the end of the experiment. M. truncatula co-cultivation increased pot evapotranspiration only in non-inoculated plants. Taken together these results suggest that the soil microbiome had a specific beneficial effect on the almond rootstock which could have negatively influenced the performance of M. truncatula.

Resumen El microbioma del suelo influye en el crecimiento y desarrollo de las plantas. Además, las prácticas de co-cultivo tienen impactos positivos en el microbioma del suelo y su función. En este trabajo, se recogió el microbioma del suelo de un campo de almendros para evaluar su efecto en el crecimiento del patrón de almendro GF-677 en macetas con o sin co-cultivo con Medicago truncatula. Se establecieron cuatro tratamientos: sin leguminosa y sin microbioma (A); con leguminosa y sin microbioma (B); sin leguminosa y con microbioma (C) y con leguminosa y con microbioma (D). Después de seis semanas, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en la densidad de bacterias cultivables en el suelo rizosférico y no rizosférico entre tratamientos. La tasa de evapotranspiración por maceta y día y el crecimiento de la planta fueron similares, con valores más altos inicialmente en plantas no inoculadas, mientras que, las inoculadas mostraron valores más altos al final del experimento. El co-cultivo con leguminosa aumentó la evapotranspiración en maceta sólo en plantas no inoculadas. En conjunto, los resultados sugieren que el microbioma tuvo un efecto beneficioso específico en el patrón de almendro. mientras que podría haber influido negativamente en el rendimiento de M. truncatula.

Resumen Con el fin de reducir el impacto ambiental causado por los fertilizantes de origen mineral, el sector vitivinícola se dirige hacia un modelo sostenible. El uso de fertilizantes orgánicos es una práctica común en el avance hacia este modelo de gestión, aportando materia orgánica al suelo y repercutiendo en la mejora de las características físico-químicas y biológicas de éste. Además, también han de ser capaces de aportar el nitrógeno necesario para el correcto desarrollo del cultivo. Para comparar el efecto de un fertilizante mineral frente a un fertilizante orgánico en suelo, se realizó un seguimiento estacional de la cantidad de nitratos, y diferentes parámetros biológicos relacionados con el C y el N (carbono y nitrógeno de la biomasa microbiana, hidrólisis del diacetato de fluoresceína y las actividades β-glucosidasa y β-galactosidasa) en una parcela convencional y una ecológica en un viñedo comercial en Mallorca. Los resultados tras dos años de aplicación mostraron que el efecto de las aplicaciones (mineral y orgánica) provocaron tendencia a aumentar los valores de las variables biológicas gracias al aporte de nutrientes, siendo más notable el efecto del fertilizante mineral sobre su control.

Abstract To reduce the environmental impact caused by fertilizers of mineral origin, the wine sector is moving towards a sustainable model. The use of organic fertilizers is a common practice in the progress towards this management model, contributing to soil organic matter increase and impacting on the improvement of its physical-chemical and biological characteristics. Moreover, fertilizers must be capable of providing the necessary nitrogen for the correct crop growth. In order to compare the effect of a mineral fertilizer against an organic fertilizer in soil, a seasonal monitoring of the amount of nitrates and different biological parameters related to C and N (carbon and nitrogen of the soil microbial biomass, hydrolysis of diacetate of fluorescein and β-glucosidase and β-galactosidase activities) in a conventional plot and an organic plot in a commercial vineyard in Mallorca. The results after two years of application showed that the effect of the applications (mineral and organic) caused a tendency to increase the values of the biological variables thanks to the contribution of nutrients in soils, the effect of the mineral fertilizer on its control was greater.

Resumen Se estudia una secuencia de paleosuelos superpuestos desarrollados en el Cuaternario. Se han diferenciado 18 horizontes a lo largo del perfil del suelo con una profundidad de 12,5 m. Para cada horizonte se ha cuantificado el contenido mineral de la tierra fina (< 2 mm) y los minerales de arcilla correspondientes a la fracción <0,002 mm. Los filosilicatos constituyen los minerales mayoritarios de estos horizontes. Los carbonatos de calcio son también muy abundantes, pero con importantes diferencias entre horizontes desde horizontes descarbonatados a otros en que constituyen la fracción mayoritaria. El cuarzo, los feldespatos potásicos y las plagioclasas son otros componentes comunes. Las illitas constituyen el mineral de arcilla más común, presentandose en forma pura y formando interestratificados con esmectitas. Las cloritas y caolinitas son otras especies de arcillas presentes en todos los horizontes. La composición mineral del conjunto de horizontes de estos paleosuelos pone de manifiesto un origen común de los materiales que los constituyen.

Abstract A sequence of overlapping paleosols developed in the Quaternary is studied. Along a soil profile of 12.5 m have been differentiated eighteen horizons. For each horizon, the mineral content of the fine earth (< 2 mm) and the clay minerals corresponding to the <0.002 mm fraction have been quantified. The most common minerals of these horizons are phyllosilicates. Calcium carbonates are also very abundant, but with important differences between horizons, from decarbonated ones to others in which carbonates constitute the main fraction. Quartz, K-feldspars and plagioclases are other common components. Illites are the most common clay mineral, occurring in pure form and forming interstratified illite-smectite mixtures. Chlorites and kaolinites are other clay species present in all horizons. The mineral composition of the whole of horizons of these paleosols reveals a common origin of the materials that constitute them.

In Europe, many autochthonous grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) are only cultivated at local scale, but play a very important economic role due to their strict relation with terroir and wine tipicity. In this study, it was pursued to evaluate the influence of several factors on performance of Moll, the main autochthonous white variety of Majorca, by means of the database coming from a clonal preselection. The effects of multiple virus infections, vintage and vineyard components were studied by univariate linear models and principal component analysis, starting from measurement of production and must quality parameters of several vines located in 14 vineyards belonging to two appellations during four consecutive years (2001-2004). Absence of multiple virus infections, double cordon system, high clay content and Useful Water Reserve in soils have enhanced vine production without inducing considerable alterations in sugar accumulation in berries and acidity. Moll variety presented great viticultural and oenological potentials. Fertile and deep soils should be preferred in order to maximize production. Also, the use of certified propagation material is strongly recommended. However, further investigations are required to optimize must quality by opportune managements. This study does not provide only essential information to improve Moll cultivation in Majorca, but it also represents a useful example to analyze grapevine varieties that are endemically infected by viruses. In fact, in such situations, it may be supposed an insidious interference by viruses on terroir and wine tipicity.